Аутоиммунные энцефалиты: психиатрические аспекты

Закрыть метаданные

Аутоиммунные энцефалиты — группа заболеваний, изучением которой занимаются как неврологи, так и психиатры. Несмотря на большое количество исследований и практических рекомендаций, вопрос дифференциальной диагностики и своевременной постановки диагноза по-прежнему остается актуальным. Самыми сложными для диагностики становятся случаи, дебютирующие в виде психических нарушений и/или протекающие без неврологической симптоматики. В обзоре литературы представлено современное состояние проблемы с учетом практики врача-психиатра.

Ключевые слова:

аутоиммунный энцефалит

психотический эпизод

молекулярная психиатрия

аутоиммунный психоз

Авторы:

Ханнанова А.Н.

ГБУЗ «Психиатрическая клиническая больница №4 им. П.Б. Ганнушкина» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы;
ФГБОУ ВО «Российский биотехнологический университет»

ORCID: 0000-0002-5765-2259

Брылев Л.В.

ГБУЗ «Городская клиническая больница им. Буянова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»;
ФГБУН «Институт высшей нервной деятельности и нейрофизиологии»

SPIN РИНЦ: 9749-8920
Scopus AuthorID: 23110301900
ORCID: 0000-0003-2314-6523

Прусова А.А.

ГБУЗ «Психиатрическая клиническая больница №4 им. П.Б. Ганнушкина» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы

ORCID: 0009-0000-5835-8353

Аксенова Е.В.

ООО «ИНВИТРО»

ORCID: 0009-0008-9160-9095

Кондрашева Е.А.

ООО «ИНВИТРО»

ORCID: 0000-0002-8240-5452

Ковалева И.С.

ООО «ИНВИТРО»

ORCID: 0000-0002-1675-3328

Дата поступления:

14.10.2023

Дата принятия в печать:

30.10.2023

Список литературы:

Fukata M, Yokoi N, Fukata Y. Neurobiology of autoimmune encephalitis. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2018;48:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2017.07.012
Graus F, Vogrig A, Muñiz-Castrillo S, et al. Updated diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes. Neurology — Neuroimmunology Neuroinflammation. 2021;8(4):e1014. https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000001014
Фоминых В.В., Фрей Е.А., Брылев Л.В., Гуляева Н.В. Аутоиммунные энцефалиты: болезнь XXI века на перекрестке неврологии и психиатрии. Нейрохимия. 2018;12(4):311-323. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1819712418040037
Varley JA, Strippel C, Handel A, Irani SR. Autoimmune encephalitis: recent clinical and biological advances. Journal of Neurology. 2023;270(8):4118-4131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-023-11685-3
Herken J, Prüss H. Red Flags: Clinical Signs for Identifying Autoimmune Encephalitis in Psychiatric Patients. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2017;16(8):25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00025
Ханнанова А.Н., Набиев Ш.Р., Фоминых В.В. и др. Аутоиммунный энцефалит в практике психиатра (клинический случай). Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. Спецвыпуски. 2022;122(1-2):49-54. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro202212201249
Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RAH, et al. Encephalitis lethargica syndrome: 20 new cases and evidence of basal ganglia autoimmunity. Brain. 2004;127(1):21-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh008
Graus F, Cordon-Cardo C, Posner JB. Neuronal antinuclear antibody in sensory neuronopathy from lung cancer. Neurology. 1985;35(4):538. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.35.4.538
Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma. Annals of Neurology. 2005;58(4):594-604. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20614
Васенина Е.Е., Левин О.С., Ганькина О.А. и др. Аутоиммунный энцефалит с антителами к NMDA-рецепторам. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2017;117(2):110-116. https://doi.org/10.17116/jnevro201711721110-116
Schieveld JNM, Strik JJMH, Van Kraaij S, et al. J. Psychiatric manifestations and psychopharmacology of autoimmune encephalitis: A multidisciplinary approach. Psychopharmacology of Neurologic Disease. 2019;165:285-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00017-4
Pape K, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Zipp F. Immunoneuropsychiatry — novel perspectives on brain disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2019;15(6):317-328. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0174-4
Al-Diwani A, Handel A, Townsend L, et al. The psychopathology of NMDAR-antibody encephalitis in adults: a systematic review and phenotypic analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(3):235-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30001-x
Leypoldt F, Armangue T, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalopathies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2015;1338(1):94-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12553
Endres D, Leypoldt F, Bechter K, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis as a differential diagnosis of schizophreniform psychosis: clinical symptomatology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and therapeutic considerations. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2020;270(7):803-818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01113-2
Gole S, Anand A. Autoimmune Encephalitis. Statpearls Publishing LLC. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/
Dubey D, Pittock SJ, Kelly CR, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology and a comparison to infectious encephalitis. Annals of Neurology. 2018;83(1):166-177. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25131
Wandinger KP, Leypoldt F, Junker R. Autoantibody-Mediated Encephalitis. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2018;115(40):666-673. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0666
Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NWS, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2010;10(12):835-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70222-x
Steiner J, Walter M, Glanz W, et al. Increased prevalence of diverse N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor antibodies in patients with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia: Specific Relevance of IgG NR1a Antibodies for Distinction From N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Glutamate Receptor Encephalitis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(3):271-278. https://doi.org/10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.86
Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, et al. The frequency of autoimmune n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral Etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California encephalitis project. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012;54(7):899-904. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir1038
Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, et al. A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet Neurology. 2016;15(4):391-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00401-9
Pruss H, Dalmau J, Harms L, et al. Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin. Neurology. 2010;75(19):1735-1739. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181fc2a06
Мурашко А.А. Психические нарушения при аутоиммунных энцефалитах. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2021;31(1):74-79. Ссылка активна на 20.09.23. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/psihicheskie-narusheniya-pri-autoimmunnyh-entsefalitah
Van Sonderen A, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2017;13(5):290-301. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.43
Scott JG, Gillis D, Ryan AE, et al. The prevalence and treatment outcomes of antineuronal antibody-positive patients admitted with first episode of psychosis. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(2):69-74. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.8
Lennox BR, Palmer-Cooper EC, Pollak T, et al. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of serum neuronal cell surface antibodies in first-episode psychosis: a case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(1):42-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30375-3
Pearlman DM, Najjar S. Meta-analysis of the association between N-methyl-daspartate receptor antibodies and schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Schizophrenia Research. 2014;157(1-3):249-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.05.001
Ford H, Griffith S, Warren N, et al. Psychiatric manifestations of autoimmune encephalitis. Autoimmunity Review. 2022;21(9):103145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103145
Mueller C, Langenbruch L, Rau JMH, et al. Neuropsychological Performance in Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis: Evidence from an Immunotherapy-Naïve Cohort. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2022;37(4):738-752. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acac001
Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, et al. An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models. The Lancet Neurology. 2019;18(11):1045-1057. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30244-3
Nakazawa K, Sapkota K. The origin of NMDA receptor hypofunction in schizophrenia. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2020;205:107426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107426
Onitsuka T, Hirano Y, Nakazawa T, et al. Toward recovery in schizophrenia: Current concepts, findings, and future research directions. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2022;76(7):282-291. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.13342
Harloff A, Hummel S, Kleinschmidt M, Rauer S. Anti-Ri antibodies and limbic encephalitis in a patient with carcinoid tumour of the lung. Journal of Neurology. 2005;252(11):1404-1405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-005-0841-9
Moon J, Lee ST, Shin JW, et al. Non-stiff anti-amphiphysin syndrome: Clinical manifestations and outcome after immunotherapy. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2014;274(1-2):209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.011
Sun Y, Qin X, Huang D, et al. Anti-amphiphysin encephalitis: Expanding the clinical spectrum. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14(2):34-38. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084883
Smitt PS, Grefkens J, Leeuw B De, et al. Survival and outcome in 73 anti-Hu positive patients with paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis sensory neuronopathy. Journal of Neurology. 2002;249(6):745-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-002-0706-4
Shin KJ, Ji YI. Anti-Hu antibody-mediated limbic encephalitis associated with cervical cancer: A case report. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2018;44(6):1181-1184. https://doi.org/10.1111/jog.13619
Kayser MS, Kohler CG, Dalmau J. Psychiatric Manifestations of Paraneoplastic Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010;167(9):1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101547
Ortega Suero G, Sola-Valls N, Escudero D, et al. Anti-Ma and anti-Ma2-associated paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. Neurología (English Edition). 2018;33(1):18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrleng.2016.05.004
Maramattom B. Paraneoplastic CRMP-5 basal ganglionitis and limbic encephalitis in an elderly Indian lady. Neurology India. 2013;61(5):534-535. https://doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.121941
Ibrahim Ismail I, John JK, Ibrahim M, et al. Paraneoplastic Limbic Encephalitis Associated with Anti-CV2/CRMP5 Antibodies Secondary to Thymoma in an Adolescent. Case Reports in Neurology. 2020;12(1):50-55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000505232
Hao Q, Wang D, Guo L, et al. Clinical characterization of autoimmune encephalitis and psychosis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2017;74:9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.12.006
Vrillon A, Carle G, Berzero G, et al. Psychiatric symptoms in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase associated limbic encephalitis in adults: a systematic review. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2020;119:128-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.015
Vincent A, Bien CG, Irani SR, et al. Autoantibodies associated with diseases of the CNS: new developments and future challenges. The Lancet Neurology. 2011;10(8):759-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70096-5
Boronat A, Gelfand JM, Gresa-Arribas N, et al. Encephalitis and antibodies to dipeptidyl-peptidase-like protein-6, a subunit of Kv4.2 potassium channels. Annals of Neurology. 2013;73(1):120-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.23756
Mantere O, Saarela M, Kieseppä T, et al. Anti-neuronal anti-bodies in patients with early psychosis. Schizophrenia Research. 2018;192:404-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.027
Swayne A, Warren N, Prain K, et al. An Australian State-Based Cohort Study of Autoimmune Encephalitis Cases Detailing Clinical Presentation, Investigation Results, and Response to Therapy. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:607773. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.607773
Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. The Lancet Neurology. 2008;7(12):1091-1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70224-2
Kayser MS, Titulaer MJ, Gresa-Arribas N, et al. Frequency and characteristics of isolated psychiatric episodes in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. JAMA Neurology. 2013;70(9):1133-1139. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3216
Warren N, Siskind D, O’Gorman C. Refining the psychiatric syndrome of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2018;138(5):401-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12941
Finke C, Kopp UA, Prüss H, et al. Cognitive deficits following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2012;83(2):195-198. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2011-300411
Van Sonderen A, Thijs RD, Coenders EC, et al. Anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Neurology. 2016;87(14):1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003173
Van Sonderen A, Ariño H, Petit-Pedrol M, et al. The clinical spectrum of Caspr2 antibody-associated disease. Neurology. 2016;87(5):521-528. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000002917
Клинические рекомендации Министерства Здравоохранения для рубрик F2. Ссылка активна на 20.09.23. https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/
Monti G, Giovannini G, Marudi A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting as new onset refractory status epilepticus in COVID-19. Seizure. 2020;81:18-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.006
Berlit P, Bösel J, Gahn G, et al. «Neurological manifestations of COVID-19» — guideline of the German society of neurology. Neurological Research and Practice. 2020;2(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00097-7
Correia AO, Feitosa PWG, Moreira JLDS, et al. Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2020;37:27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2020.05.008
Siow I, Lee KS, Zhang JJY, et al. Encephalitis as a neurological complication of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence, outcomes, and predictors. European Journal of Neurology. 2021;28(10):3491-3502. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14913
Burr T, Barton C, Doll E, et al. N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19 infection in a toddler. Pediatric Neurology. 2021;114:75-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2020.10.002
Panariello A, Bassetti R, Radice A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in a psychiatric Covid-19 patient: a case report. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020;87:179-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.054
Sarigecili E, Arslan I, Ucar HK. Et al. Pediatric anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis associated with COVID-19. Child’s Nervous System. 2021;37(12):3919-3922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-021-05155-2
Allahyari F, Hosseinzadeh R, Nejad JH, et al. A case report of simultaneous autoimmune and COVID-19 encephalitis. Journal of NeuroVirology. 2021;27:504-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-021-00978-w
Nabizadeh F, Balabandian M, Sodeifian F, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 2022;62:103795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.103795
Dubey D, Kothapalli N, McKeon A, et al. Predictors of neural-specific autoantibodies and immunotherapy response in patients with cognitive dysfunction. Journal of Neuroimmunology. 2018;323:62-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.009
Dubey D, Pittock SJ, McKeon A. Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy and Encephalopathy score: Increased specificity and applicability. Epilepsia. 2019;60(2):367-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.14649
Pollak TA, Lennox BR. Time for a change of practice: the real-world value of testing for neuronal autoantibodies in acute first-episode psychosis. BJPsych Open. 2018;4(4):262-264. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.27
Kranaster L, Koethe D, Hoyer C, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics in first-episode schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 2011;261(7):529-530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-011-0193-7
Oviedo-Salcedo T, de Witte L, Kümpfel T, et al. Absence of cerebrospinal fluid antineuronal antibodies in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;212(5):318-320. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.24
Endres D, Perlov E, Baumgartner A, et al. Immunological findings in psychotic syndromes: a tertiary care hospital’s CSF sample of 180 patients. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2015;9:476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00476
Orlovska S, Köhler-Forsberg O, Brix S, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of cerebrospinal fluid markers of inflammation and infections in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research. 2018;29:17-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npbr.2018.01.091
Binks S, Uy C, Honnorat J, et al. Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes: a practical approach to diagnosis and management. Practical Neurology. 2022;22(1):19-31. https://doi.org/10.1136/practneurol-2021-003073
Fernández-Fournier M, Lacruz L, Nozal P, et al. The study of neural antibodies in neurology: A practical summary. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022;13:1043723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043723
Falkenberg I, Benetti S, Raffin M, et al. Clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;211(4):231-237. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.195834
Малин Д.И., Гладышев В.Н., Равилов Р.С. Клинико-психопатологические проявления при аутоиммунном NMDA-рецепторном энцефалите. Социальная и клиническая психиатрия. 2020;2(30):71-79. Ссылка активна на 20.09.23. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kliniko-psihopatologicheskie-proyavleniya-pri-autoimmunnom-nmda-retseptornom-entsefalite
Abboud H, Probasco JC, Irani S, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2021;92(7):757-768. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325300
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Neurology. 2013;12(2):157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1
Nosadini M, Mohammad SS, Ramanathan S. et al. Immune therapy in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2015;15(12):1391-1419. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1115720
Lee W-J, Lee S-T, Moon J, et al. Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: an institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):824-832. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0442-6
Mané-Damas M, Hoffmann C, Zong S, et al. Autoimmunity in psychotic disorders. Where we stand, challenges and opportunities. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2019;18(9):102348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102348
National library of Medicine. National center for biotechnology information. An official website of the United States government. Accessed September 20, 2023. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=Autoimmune+Encephalitis
Blackburn KM, Denney DA, Hopkins SC, et al. Low Recruitment in a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Ocrelizumab for Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case Series and Review of Lessons Learned. Neurology and Therapy. 2022;11(2):893-903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-022-00327-x
Granata T, Matricardi S, Ragona F, et al. Pediatric NMDAR encephalitis: a single center observation study with a closer look at movement disorders. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2018;22(2):301-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.01.012
Oldham M. Autoimmune encephalopathy for psychiatrists: when to suspect autoimmunity and what to do next. Psychosomatics. 2017;58(3):228-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.014
Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, et al. Faciobrachial Dystonic Seizures Study Group. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain. 2018;141(2):348-356. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awx323
Cui J, Bu H, He J, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor (GABAB) encephalitis: clinical manifestations and response to immunotherapy. International Journal of Neuroscience. 2018;128(7):627-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2017.1408618
Balu R, McCracken L, Lancaster E, et al. A score that predicts 1-year functional status in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2019;92(3):e244-e252. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006783
Fominykh V, Brylev L, Gaskin V, et al. Neuronal damage and neuroinflammation markers in patients with autoimmune encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. Metabolic Brain Disease. 2019;34(5):1473-1485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00452-x
Seliverstov YU, Ginzberg M, Melnik E, et al. Stiff-person spectrum disorders In Russia: a retrospective analysis of 20 cases [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2020;35(suppl 1). Accessed September 20, 2023. https://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/stiff-person-spectrum-disorders-in-russia-a-retrospective-analysis-of-20-cases/
Цыганков Б.Д. Клинико-патогенетические закономерности развития фебрильных приступов шизофрении и система их терапии. М.: Норма; 1997;232.
Consoli A, Ronen K, An-Gourfinkel I, et al. Malignant catatonia due to anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis in a 17-year-old girl: case report. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health. 2011;5(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-5-15
Khandaker GM, Dantzer R, Jones PB. Immunopsychiatry: important facts. Psychological Medicine. 2017;47(13):2229-2237. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717000745
Marques FMC, Nardi AE, Teixeira AL, et al. Immunopsychiatry: an update on autoimmune encephalitis for neuropsychiatrists. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 2022;22(2):155-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2022.2038136

Закрыть метаданные